| G9.4 Causative ∼이/∼히/∼리/∼기/∼우 |
1. 제가 머리 빗겨 드릴게요.
이 두 사람의 관계는 무엇입니까? 어머니는 왜 며느리한테 미안해 합니까? 며느리가 시어머니한테 무엇을 해 줍니까?
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2. 애들 옷 입히기 너무 힘들어요.
일국은 지금 뭐 하고 있습니까? 애들한테 뭐 하려고 합니까? |
3.
Notes
| 1. | Some verbs express actions that cause someone to do something, or make someone or something go through a change of state. These verbs are called 'causative' verbs, as seen in the above examples. |
| 2. | In Korean, these causative verbs are derived from the corresponding non causative (plain) verbs by adding one of these seven suffixes, ∼이, ∼히, ∼리, ∼기, ∼우, ∼구, and ∼추. Note that these suffixes are similar in form to passive suffixes (G6.3). |
| As in the case of passive verbs, which verb takes which causative suffix has to be learned individually. In this lesson, we will learn only those verbs that are formed with -이, -히, -리, -기, and -우, which are the most common. |
|
Plain
|
Causative
|
Example
|
| (i) -이- types | ||
| 먹다
(아이가 우유를 먹어요.) |
먹이다
feed someone (s.o.) |
아이한테 우유를 먹여요.
I feed milk to the baby. |
| 죽다 (사람이 죽어요.) |
죽이다
kill s.o. |
사람을 죽여요. I kill a person. |
| 끓다 (물이 끓어요.) | 끓이다
boil something (s.th.) |
물을
끓여요. I boil water |
| (ii) -히- types | ||
| 입다
(아이가 옷을 입어요.) |
입히다
dress s.o. |
아이를 옷을 입혀요. I dress the child. |
| 눕다 (아이가 침대에 누워요.) |
눕히다
lay s.o. or s.th. down |
아이를 침대에 눕혀요.
I lay the baby on the bed. |
| 앉다 (아이가 의자에 앉아요.) |
앉히다
put s.o. into a seat |
아이를 의자에 앉혀요.
I put the child into the seat. |
| (iii) -리- types | ||
| 울다 (애기가 울어요.) | 울리다
make s.o. cry |
애기를 울려요.
I make the baby cry. |
| 얼다 (물이 얼어요.) |
얼리다
freeze s.th. |
물을 얼려요.
I freeze water. |
| (iv) -기- types | ||
| 벗다
(아이가 옷을 벗어요.) |
벗기다
undress s.o. |
아이를 옷을 벗겨요.
I undress the child. |
| 웃다 (아이가 웃어요.) |
웃기다
make s.o. laugh |
아이를 웃겨요. I make the child laugh. |
| 신다 (아이가 신을 신어요.) |
신기다
put shoes on s.o. |
아이를 신을 신겨요.
I put shoes on the child. |
| (v) -우 types | ||
| 자다 (아이가 자요.) |
재우다
put s.o. to sleep |
아이를 재워요.
I put the baby to sleep. |
| 타다 (생선이 타요.) | 태우다
burn s.th. |
생선을 태워요.
I burn the fish. |
| 깨다 (아이가 깨요) |
깨우다
wake s.o. up |
엄마가
아이를 깨웠어요.
Mother woke up the child. |
The constrast between causative verbs and non-causative verbs is manifested in different ways in different languages. Languages like English develop two separate verbs, e.g. feed - eat, kill -die, undress - take off (clothes), etc. Note that the two verbs in each pair are related in meaning. Feeding and eating, for exmaple, refer to someone's eating. Feeding,, however, involves another agent, one that make someone's eating happen. Both killing and dying involve someone's dying. In killing, there is another agent involved than the one dying. In Korean, on the other hand, the two related concepts are lexicalized in a way of retaining the base meaning; that is, the same verb root is used. For both feeding and eating, for example, the same verb root 먹- (eat) is used, and the involvement of another agent in feeding is marekd by a special form -i- attached to the verb root, that is, 먹-이-.
-이-: 죽다 (die) - 죽이다 (kill), 먹다 - 먹이다 (feed), 보다(see) - 보이다 (show), , 지나다 (pass by) - 지내다 (spend [time])
-히-: 앉다(sit) - 앉히다 (sit someone down), 눕다 -눕히다 (lay someone down), 읽다 (read) - 읽히다 (have someone read)
-리-: 울다(cry) - 울리다 (makes someone cry)
-기-: 웃다(laugh) - 웃기다 (make someone laugh), 감다 (wash hair) - 감기다 (wash someone’s hair)
-우-: 자다(sleep) - 재우다 (put someone into sleep), 타다(burn) - 태우다 (make something burnt/burn something)