Text 2

지난 여름에 나 (영진)는 미국에 온 지 10년 만에 처음으로 한국에 놀러갔었다. 같이 IU에 다니는 스티브하고 같이 갔다. 그동안 서울은 많이 변한 것 같았다. 공항에서 택시를 타고 시내로 가는데, 길이 복잡하고 거리마다 사람들이 하도 많아서 정신이 하나도 없었다. 내가 우리 할머니 집에 가서 같이 자자고 했더니 스티브가 자기는 호텔에서 자겠다고 했다. 그래서 스티브를 시내에 있는 호텔에 내려주고 나는 할머니댁으로 갔다. 할머니댁으로 가다가 내가 10년 전에 살던 동네를 지나가게 되었다. 우리가 살던 집은 다른 건물들이 너무 많이 생겨서 찾기가 힘들었다. 10년 전에는 단층짜리 집들이 많았었는데, 지금은 모두 아파트가 되었다.        다음날, 스티브하고 만나서 시내구경을 다녔다. 백화점에 가서 옷을 사고 신용 카드로 계산을 하려고 했더니 점원이 미국에서 왔느냐고 물었다. 그렇다고 했더니 미국신용카드는 안 받는다고 하면서 현찰로 내라고 했다. 우리는 한강에 가서 보트도 타고 올림픽 공원에 가서 사진도 찍으면서 구경을 했다. 하루종일 걸어다녀서 다 리가 아팠지만 재미있었다. 저녁 때 내가  양식을 먹겠느냐고 했더니, 스티브는 한식을 먹겠다고 했다. 저녁을 먹으면서 내가 피곤하겠다고 했더니 스티브가 다리가  아파 죽겠다고 하면서 내일은 돌아다니지 말고 쉬자고 했다. 집에 돌아왔더니 할머니가 만드신 맛있는 떡이 있었다. 하도 맛있어서  3분 만에 다 먹어버렸더니, 할머니께서 오늘은 내가 떡을 잘 먹는다고 하시면서 전에는 내가 떡을 잘 안 먹었는데 미국에 가서 내가 식성이 변했느냐고 하셨다.

지난 여름에 나 (영진)는 미국에 온 지 10년 만에 처음으로 한국에 놀러갔었다. 같이 IU에 다니는 스티브하고 같이 갔다. 그동안 서울은 많이 변한 것 같았다. 공항에서 택시를 타고 시내로 가는데, 길이 복잡하고 거리마다 사람들이 하도 많아서 정신이 하나도 없었다. 내가 "우리 할머니 집에 가서 같이 잘래?" (라고) 했더니 스티브가 "나는 호텔에서 잘래." (라고) 했다. 그래서 스티브를 시내에 있는 호텔에 내려주고 나는 할머니댁으로 갔다. 할머니댁으로 가다가 내가 10년 전에 살던 동네를 지나가게 되었다. 우리가 살던 집은 다른 건물들이 너무 많이 생겨서 찾기가 힘들었다. 10년 전에는 단층짜리 집들이 많았었는데, 지금은 모두 아파트가 되었다.        다음날, 스티브하고 만나서 시내구경을 다녔다. 백화점에 가서 옷을 사고 신용 카드로 계산을 하려고 했더니 점원이 "미국에서 왔어요?" 라고 물었다. "그런데요" 라고 했더니 "미국신용카드는 안 받아요" 라고 하면서 "현찰로 내세요" 라고 했다. 우리는 한강에 가서 보트도 타고 올림픽 공원에 가서 사진도 찍으면서 구경을 했다. 하루종일 걸어다녀서 다 리가 아팠지만 재미있었다. 저녁 때 내가  "양식을 먹을래요" 라고 했더니, 스티브는 "나는 한식 먹을게" 라고 했다. 저녁을 먹으면서 내가 "피곤하겠다"" 라고 했더니 스티브가 "다리가  아파 죽겠어" 라고 하면서 "내일은 돌아다니지 말고 쉬자/쉴까?" 고 했다. 집에 돌아왔더니 할머니가 만드신 맛있는 떡이 있었다. 하도 맛있어서  3분 만에 다 먹어버렸더니, 할머니께서 "오늘은 (우리) 영진이가 떡을 잘 먹네." 라고 하시면서 "전에는 떡을 잘 안 먹었는데 미국에 가서 영진이가 식성이 변했니?" 라고 하셨다.

Text 3

. . .~(으)ㄹ래요/(으)ㄹ게요 ==> ~겠다/겠느냐고 했어요

A: 수잔이 제임스한테 뭐라 그랬어요?

B: _________________________________

A: 그러니까 제임스가 뭐라 그랬어요?

B:  _________________________________

[Summary on indirect discourse]

1. Direct Discouse quotes what someone says in verbatum, that is, exactly what is said word-by-word. The quoted part is in quotation marker " . . . "
   
   
2. In indirect discourse, the quoted part is incorporated into the structure of the whole sentence of 'Such and such SAY/ASK/TELL/COMMAND/PROPSE that/if/WH . . . Note that the quotated part needs an expression (connector or complementizer) which indicates what sentence type the quoted part is: that, if, WH (who, what, when, where . . ), to . . .
   
   
3. In Korean, many different speech styles are used in speech, depending on the relation between the speaker and the listener and the relation between the speaker and the person the speaker is referring to, as well as on whether the speech is spontaneous conversation or contextually constrained as in broadcasting, conference, business deal, writing, etc.,
   
   Note on some of the speech styles we have learned:
   
   The Polite Stylle ~어요/아요
   The Honorfic Ending ~(으)세요
   The Intimate Style ~어/아
   The Deferential Style ~습니다, ~습니까, ~(으)십시오, ~(으)십시다
   The Plain Style ~(는/ㄴ)다, ~느/(으)냐, ~어라/아라, ~자
   
   
4. Indirect discourse uses the Plain speech style (~(는)다, ~느/(으)냐, ~어/아라, ~자).
   Note that the Plain Speech style used in indirect discourse is slightly different from the plain speech style used in casual conversation:
   
   

   Sentence-types	The Plain Style in colloquial speech	The Plain Style in indirect discourse
   Statement	V~는/ㄴ다, A~다, V/A~었/았다	V~는/ㄴ다, A~다, V/A~었/았다
   Question	~니, ~냐	V~느냐, A~(으)냐, ~었/았느냐
   Command	~(어/아)라	~(으)라
   Proposal	~자	~자

   
   
5. When converting from direct discourse to indirect discourse or vice versa, you need to distinguish 'sentence-type' and actual 'speech act.' Sentence type is a language form that is used to conduct a 'speech act.' Each sentence type is typically conveying the speech act it is designated to convey. That is, statement sentence type is to convey a statement, question sentence type to convey a question, command sentence to convey a command, request, or even suggestion, and proposal sentence to convey a propose or suggestion of joint activity. But keep in mind that a speech act can be conveyed with different sentence types. For example, a command can be conveyed with a statement of one's obligation. "Go to school.' can be conveyed with 'You have to go to school.' A command or request for obtaining a piece of information can also ge conveyed with a question on the listener's intention of giving the information. So 'Give me your phone number" can be conveyed with 'Can you give me your phone number?' 'Will/would you give me your phone number?' A proposal can also be conveyed in the form of questioning the other person's opinion or intention. So 'Let's go on a picnic this weekend.' can be conveyed with 'Shall we go . . . (으)ㄹ까(요)?' or 'Would you like to go . . ~(으)ㄹ래(요)?'
   
   
6. Not all questions are the same. Some questions are plain question of asking for information, some questions are rather biased. That is, the speaker has certain inclination toward one way or another. In that case, some questions are not to plainly seek information, but simply to confirm his or her belief. Some questions are rhetorical, that is, not really asking a question, but actually making a statement on his or her belief. Some questions are asked with subjective emotion, either of affection or refutation. Note that ~니 can be used when the speaker has some affection toward the linster, and ~냐 when the speaker has a negative stance toward to listener or the propositional content at issue.
   
   
7. Not all statements are the same. Some statements are to give information (~어(오)), to express exclamation or surprise (~네), or to convey one's notice on a newsworthy information (~다). This is something that needs to draw attention when converting from indirect discourse to direct discourse.
   
   
8. Note that formal styles (The Deferential ~습니다 style and the Plain ~다 style are constrained in expressing various intentions of the speaker's, because their endings are to mark one or the four sentence-types. So some of the speaker's subjective attitudes are neutralized in the formal speech styles. For example, in indicating the speaker's intention, ~(으)ㄹ래(요) and ~(으)ㄹ게(요) are used; ~(으)ㄹ래(요) to spell out the speaker's desire (I would like to . . .) and ~(으)ㄹ게(요)to accommodate the listener's social face (let me or allow me to . . .). Both expressions when they indicate the speaker's intention are expressed with ~겠- in the formal styles, including in indirect discourse.
   
   
9. There is a crucial difference in marking tense (time of a situation) between English and Korean.
   
   In English, any tense marking is in relation to here and now (the speech moment). So the time of the situation described in the original speech is measured in relation to the current moment. That is, 'John said, "I study Korean' for example can be expressed in two different ways, depending on John's studying is concurrent with the speech moment (here and now) or not. If it is concurrent with the speech time (here and now), it is expressed as the present tense, as in John said he studies Korean (he still stuides Korean). If it is not concurrent with the speech tme, it is expressed as the past tense, as in John said he studied Korean (He does not study Korean now). In Korean, however, the time of the situation described in the original speech is only in relation to the time of that speech, not in relation to the current speech. So if John said "나 한국어 공부해요.' John's studying Korean is concurrent with John's saying it, and it is always '잔은 (자기가) 한국어를 공부한다 그랬어요,' regardless of whether John's studying is concurrent with the current moment or not.
   
   
10. Personal reference to the speaker and the listener needs to be changed because "I" In the original speech refers to the speaker of that speech, and is not referring to the current speaker, and "You" in the original speech refers to the listener of the original speech, which could be different from the listener of the current speech. In Korean, '나/저' in the original speech may be expressed with '자기' if it is meant to be in contrast with another person in the sense of he himself. '너' is hardly used in speech, but but the listener of the original speech is expressed with the name, title, kin term or 그 사람/남자/여자/아저씨/아주머니, etc.
    
    
11. Note that temporal deitic (demonstration) perspectives are shifted in indirect discourse. That is, 'now' in the original speech may not be 'now' at the time of quotation. 'Today' in in original speech may not be 'today' at the time of quotation. Unless the time point referred to in the original speech applies the same at the time of quotation (e.g., 'today' in the original speech could still be 'today' at the time of quotation), the time point referred to in the original speech must be converted to an expression of time point in relation to the time of quotation as follows:

Original speech	Indirect speech
지금 now, the present moment	그 때 at that time, then
오늘 today	그 날 that day
내일 (tomorrow), 이튿날 (the following day)	(그) 다음 날 following day
어제 yesterday	(그) 전 날 the day before
여기 here	거기 there or need to spell out the location
저기 over there	Need to spell out the location
거기 there	거기 or need to spell out the location
이거 this (thing)	그거 that thing or need to spell out the referent
저거 that thing over there	Need to spell out the referent
그거 that (thing) near the listner	그거 or need to spell out the referent
이따가 later (in relation to the speech moment)	나중에 a while later (a neutral term)
아까 a while ago (in relation to the speech moment)	(그) 전에 some time before that moment