SUMMARY OF PARTICLES

Subject particle -��/��

• Not all nouns marked with -��/�� are subject:
  

  ����� �ѱ������ �ƴϿ���.
  ���� ������ �־��/�����.
  

• Not all subjects are marked with -��/��
  
  • When selected as topic
    
  • Generic statement
    
  • Comparing items
    
  • Shifting subject matter/topic item
    
  • When compared for the sameness
    
  • When contextually familiar in dialogue.

    �̰� ���� �����̿���?
    ����/����/�ð� �־��?
    �б��Ĵ� ���� ���־��?
    

Object particle -��/��

• Object particle is often omitted.
  

  �� �ϼ���?
  �� �����ϼ���?

• Object nouns can also be marked with one of the discourse particles -��/��, -��, or -��
  ���� ��ħ�� ������ ���ſ�. �׸��� Ŀ���� �� ���ſ�. �ֽ��� �� ���ſ�. ������ ���ſ�.
  

Discourse particles -��/��, -��, -��:

• -��/�� indicates that the attached item is different from the other(s).
• -�� indicates that the attached item is the same as the other(s), that is, 'too, also.'
• -�� indicates the exclusiveness of the attached item, that is, 'only.'
  

Particles in giving and receiving: -����, -��, -���׼�

• Particles for recipients (humans and animals only): -���� (plain), -�� (honorific)
  • �۳⿡�� �������� ũ�������� ������ �� ����. �̹� ũ������������ ������ �� �ſ���.
  • ������� ��ȭ ���� �ؿ�.
  • �θ������ ���� �� �ؿ�.
  • ���忡 �θ���� �輼��. �׷��� ������ ��ȭ ���� �ؿ�.
  
  
  
• Particle for source person (humans and animals only): -���׼�
  • ���� ���Ͽ� ����ģ�����׼� ������ �޾Ҿ��. ���ϰ� ���� �޾Ҿ��.
  • �۳� ũ������������ �θ�����׼� ī�带 �޾Ҿ��.

Location Particles: -��, -����

• -��:
  1. Location of existence: -�� �־��.
     

     �ѱ��� Ŭ������ �߷�Ÿ�� Ȧ�� �־��.

  2. Location of destination/goal: -�� ����
  
  
  

10�ÿ� �б��� ����. 4�ÿ� ���� �Ϳ�.

• -����:
  1. Location of activity: �ѱ��� Ŭ������ �߷�Ÿ�� Ȧ���� �ؿ�.
  2. Location of starting point: 9�ÿ� ������ ���Ծ��. 3�ÿ� �б����� ������.

-(��)��: just, or something; your choice is trivial and indeterminative because you do not have much expectation about the given situation (This is not part of K101 material)

A: �������ɿ� �� ���� �ſ���?
B: Pizza�� ���� �ſ���.

A: �̹� �ָ��� �� �� �ſ���?
B: �������׷��� �� �ſ���.

-�ϰ�: (along) with

���Ŀ��� �����ϰ� (����) �״Ͻ� �Ŀ�.

A: ������ ���� ȥ��(��) �Ծ��?
B: �ƴϿ�,�����ϰ� ���� �Ծ��.

Omission of particle: G3.7