Examples                                                                          Click here to listen.

(i) Goal/destination or recipient of an action/activity [Person]-����/��: recipient of action (1) ����: ���پ�, ������� ��ȭ ���� �ϼ���?    ����: �ƴϿ�, ���� �� �ؿ�.          ���̾��� �θ���� ��ȭ ���� �ϼ���?    ����: ��, ���� �ؿ�. (2) �����¸��ٻ����̾����. �׷���, �������� ���ϰ�ī�带�־����. (3) �����ָ����¸����ϰ����پ������ ���ſ���.  Object]-��: goal or destination point (4) ����: ����Ŭ��, �б��� ��ÿ��Ծ��?  ����Ŭ: 9�ÿ��Ծ��. (5) ��Ƽ��: ����, ȫ���� ������ȭ�ϼ���?       ����: ��, �����ؿ�. (6) ����: ����Ŭ��, �����ָ������Ұſ���?   ����Ŭ: �����ϰ��������� ���پ�����װ��ſ���

(ii) Source/point of origin or initiator of an action/activity [Person]-���׼�: source person/initiator of action (7) ����: ���پ�, ���ϼ������̹޾Ҿ��?     ����: ���ϰ�å���޾Ҿ��.     ����: �����������׼� �޾Ҿ��?     ����: ����Ŭ���׼� �����޾Ҿ��.  (8) ��Ƽ��: ����Ŭ, �̸������׼� ��ȭ�Ծ��.     ����Ŭ: ��, ��������.  (9) ����: ���پ�, ���������ؿ�.     ����: ��������. �׷���, ��Ծ˾Ҿ��?     ����: ����Ŭ���׼� ������. [Object]-����: point of origin or initial point (10) ����: ����Ŭ��, ������ �����ÿ����Ϳ�?   ����Ŭ: 8�� 40�п����Ϳ�.       (11) ��Ƽ��: ����Ŭ, �б����� ��ȭ�Ծ��.      ����Ŭ: ��������?      ��Ƽ��: �̼������̼���.

Notes
1. Some actions, such as giving, offering, asking, teaching, telephoning, sending (letters or messages), etc., involve two parties, one a source person or initiator, and the other a recipient of the actions. Therefore, these events can be described either from the recipient perspective or from the source person/initiator perspective. From the source person perspective, the source person is the subject and the recipient (goal) is marked with the particle -����, as in (1)-(3). From the recipient perspective, the recipient is the subject and the source person is marked by the particle -���׼�, as in (7)-(9).

 2. When the recipient is a respectful senior, e.g. �θ��, ������, etc., a special honorific particle -�� is used to mark the recipient, as in (1).

3. These particles are used only for animates (i.e. human beings and animals). As learned in Lesson (4) (G4.1), and Lesson 5 (G5.1, and also Tasks/Functions #3), a destination or goal location of those locomotion verbs such as ���� 'to go' and '����' is indicated by the locative particle -��, as in (4)-(6), and the source point or point of origin is indicated by the locative particle -����, as in (10)-(11).

 4. The particle -�� may be added onto -���� or -���׼�.

����: ���̾�, ����Ŭ������ ��ȭ�߾��? ����: ��. ����: ���پ����׵� ��ȭ�߾��? ����: ���پ����׵� ������ȭ�߾��. ����: ����Ŭ���׼� ��ȭ�Ծ��? ��Ƽ��: ��, �Ծ��. ����: �������׼��� �Ծ��? ��Ƽ��: ��, �������׼��� �Ծ��.

[���� 1] Describe who is doing what to whom in the given picture.

����: �޸��� ���ӽ����� ����ؿ�.

(1) ________________________________________________________________

(2) ________________________________________________________________

(3) ________________________________________________________________

 [���� 2] Fill in the blank with a proper particle, choosing from the box.
 

-��, -����, -����, -���׼�

(1) ���ٰ�����Ŭ_________ ��ȭ���߾��.
(2) ���̴»��Ͽ���Ƽ��_________ �����޾Ҿ��.
(3) ����� L.A._________ ��ȭ�߾��.
(4) ����Ŭ������_________ ���ϼ���������.
(5) ����ģ��_________ ��ȭ���Ծ��.
(6) ����_________ ������������.
(7) ��Ƽ��´���_________ ģ��_________ �����.